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Item Embargo Diurnal models of traffic-generated CO for Penang, Malaysia(Springer, 1991) Hock-Lye Koh; Poh-Eng LimThe existing traffic dispersal system is utterly inadequate to cope with the ever increasing number of cars and motorcycles on the road. The principal objective of this study is to build prediction models of CO to be employed as one of the planning tools in the future design of Penang urban traffic dispersal system. This study involves the monitoring of kerbside CO levels at selected sites and the fitting of hourly-averaged CO data to linear regression models incorporating the residual effect of CO emission due to traffic in the earlier periods and also different categories of vehicles.Item Embargo Mangroves - a carbon source and sink(Pergamon Press, 1993) Ong Jin EongThe mangrove ecosystem in many wet tropical areas represents one of the most, if not the most productive of natural ecosystems. The question that has occupied the minds of many mangrove scientists is "What is the fate of this high productivity"? More recently this question has gained added relevance as a result of the increase in global carbon dioxide concentration. Are mangroves sinks of atmospheric carbon?. To demonstrate that the terms "source" and "sink" are relative terms, we show that mangroves may (at the same time as being a sink for atmospheric carbon) also be a source of carbon in that they may out-well significant amounts of carbon to adjacent coastal ecosystems and thus play a vital role in coastal fisheries production.Item Embargo Methane gas production from a landfill model under saturated conditions(Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Press, 1995) Nasiman SapariA laboratory experiment was conducted to examine methane gas production from landfills under saturated moisture conditions. A landfill model was constructed from a 4-m PVC cylinder of 20 cm internal diameter, to simulate municipal landfill cells of 2.5 m thickness on sandy soils. The same soil was used as the cover material. The landfill was operated over a period of 30 months, for the first 24 months without leachate mobilization and the last 6 months with leachate mobilization.Item Embargo Reduction of methane released from palm oil mill lagoon in Malaysia and its countermeasures(Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003) Yoshihito Shirai; Minato Wakisaka; Shahrakbah Yacob; Mohd Ali Hassan; Shin’ichi SuzukiPalm oil industry in Malaysia is one of the potential candidates for the CDM project because large amount of methane is emitted from the lagoons and open digesting tank of the wastewater treatment system. Therefore the first objective of the project is to investigate the actual GHG emission from the lagoons and open digesting tank in palm oil mills in order to establish the baseline for CDM project.Item Embargo Measurement of CO2 flux above a tropical rainforest at Pasoh in Peninsular Malaysia(Elsevier, 2003) Yukio Yasuda; Yoshikazu Ohtani; Tsutomu Watanabe; Michiaki Okano; Takeo Yokota; Naishen Liang; Yanhong Tang; Abdul Rahim Nik; Makoto Tani; Toshinori OkudaThis paper reports on the results of a short-term observation of CO2 flux above a tropical forest at Pasoh in Peninsular Malaysia, using the eddy covariance method with a closed-path CO2 analyzer, in March 1998. CO2 concentration profiles above and in a canopy were also measured.Item Embargo Baseline study of methane emission from open digesting tanks of palm oil mill effluent treatment(Elsevier, 2005) Shahrakbah Yacob; Mohd Ali Hassan; Yoshihito Shirai; Minato Wakisaka; Sunderaj SubashAnthropogenic release of greenhouse gases, especially CO2 and CH4 has been recognized as one of the main causes of global warming. Several measures under the Kyoto Protocol 1997 have been drawn up to reduce the greenhouse gases emission. One of the measures is Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) that was created to enable developed countries to cooperate with developing countries in emission reduction activities. In Malaysia, palm oil industry particularly from palm oil mill effluent (POME) anaerobic treatment has been identified as an important source of CH4. However, there is no study to quantify the actual CH4 emission from the commercial scale wastewater treatment facility. Hence, this paper shall address the CH4 emission from the open digesting tanks in Felda Serting Hilir Palm Oil Mill. CH4 emission pattern was recorded for 52 weeks from 3600 m3 open digesting tanks.Item Embargo CO2 exchange of a tropical rainforest at Pasoh in Peninsular Malaysia(Elsevier, 2008) Yoshiko Kosugi; Satoru Takanashi; Shinjiro Ohkubo; Naoko Matsuo; Makoto Tani; Tomonori Mitani; Daizo Tsutsumi; Abdul Rahim NikAn obvious inhibition of canopy CO2 exchange in the afternoon coupling with increases in VPD and air temperature was observed year-round. In the case of nighttime NEE, a slight increase in wet period was observed. Diurnal pattern of CO2 exchange revealed that obvious restriction of canopy photosynthesis in the afternoon was occurred in this forest irrespective of soil moisture. Seasonal and annual patterns of CO2 exchange reveal that one of the main causes which induce the difference in NEE pattern between Amazonian and Southeast Asian rainforests was not the difference in daytime photosynthesis but the difference in ecosystem respiration related with dry and rainy seasons. The decrease of CO2 uptake (increase of NEE) at wet period was also observed at this site, but did not form an obvious seasonality such as in Amazonian forests.Item Embargo The effects of logging on soil greenhouse gas (CO2, CH4, N2O) flux in a tropical rain forest, Peninsular Malaysia(Elsevier, 2008) Yuichiro Yashiro; Wan Rashidah Kadir; Toshinori Okuda; Hiroshi KoizumiTo evaluate the effects of logging on soil greenhouse gas flux in a tropical rain forest, we measured CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes at logged and unlogged sites in Peninsular Malaysia (N = 7–27 at each site).Item Embargo Climate Change and Carbon Reduction Initiatives for Sustainable Campus(European Journal of Social Sciences, 2009) Kadaruddin Aiyub; Kadir Arifin; Azahan Awang; Jamaluddin Md. Jahi; Shaharuddin Ahmad; Mohd. Talib Latif; Ahmad Fariz MohamedClimate change is a global issue that needs to be tackled by every individual, groups, organization and nations. With our current path of development, climate change seems inevitable. Mitigation measures and adaptation strategies need to be set up just to avoid any further destruction. As IPCC reported that current CO2 level is around 380ppm and will increased to 450ppm under business as usual scenario, stabilization at this point will increased temperature by 2° C. Any increasing in temperature beyond this point will risk human life.This research promote one of mitigating measure, Carbon Reduction Initiatives (CRI) that involved behavior changes on individual and using financial gains as encouragement point.Item Restricted Hydrogen Fuel-Cells: The Future Of Clean Energy Technology(Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS), 2009) Wan Ramli Wan DaudFuel-cell technology, using hydrogen energy, is an advanced green energy technology for the future that is green, sustainable, clean and environment- friendly. Emission of Green-house gases from human activities has been proven beyond doubt as the main cause of global warming and climate-change. The finite world energy-supply, which consists nearly of 90% fossil fuel, will be depleted in a short period of time precipitating an energy-crisis because of a widening gap between fossil-fuel production and demand. Many countries responded to the anticipated energy crisis by diversifying their fuel-resources to include renewable and alternative energy, and developing green-energy technology for the future. Despite political announcements on renewable energy, fossil-fuels will continue to dominate energy resources for some time in future, and carbon emission will increase; but global nuclear energy expansion is uncertain because of international tensions and general public fears of another Chernobyl disaster or a nuclear terrorists.Item Embargo Urban traffic changes and CO2 generation in small cities: the case study of Seremban and Nilai(Environmental Management Society Malaysia, 2010) Ahmad Fariz Mohamed; Mohd Talib LatiffThis findings of this show that there is a significant relationship between urban traffic and air pollution for both Seremban and Nilai townships. However the pollution condition trends show no critical incidents where air pollution becomes important issues for them. This is due to unavailability of other analyses such as comfort level and health. Moreover, no study has been conducted to understand what the level of acceptance for traffic volume is and it's emission to the city air space. Therefore management for better traffic needs to determine the flow and carrying capacity of city for its traffic volume is badly needed.Item Embargo Asymmetric boundary shifts of tropical montane Lepidoptera over four decades of climate warming(Wiley, 2011) I-Ching Chen; Jane K. Hill; Hau-Jie Shiu; Jeremy D. Holloway,Suzan Benedick; Vun Khen Chey; Henry S. Barlow; Chris D. ThomasTo estimate whether species have shifted at equal rates at their leading edges (cool boundaries) and trailing edges (warm boundaries) in response to climate change. We provide the first such evidence for tropical insects, here examining elevation shifts for the upper and lower boundaries shifts of montane moths. Threats to species on tropical mountains are considered.Item Embargo Modelling the flood vulnerability of deltaic Kuching City, Malaysia(Springer, 2011) Darrien Yau Seng Mah; Frederik Josep Putuhena; Sai Hin LaiThe main objective of this writing is to present a practical way to envisage the flood vulnerability in deltaic region, particularly on the concern of sea level rise. Kuching city of Malaysia is established on banks of Sarawak River, 30 km from the sea. Therefore, it is subjected to fluvial and tidal floods.Item Embargo Method to estimate the land loss from sea level rise due to gradual warming in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah(UMS, 2011) DayangSiti Maryam; Weliyadi Anwar; ThanAungThe rise of air temperature and subsequent increase in sea surface temperature (SST) will raise the sea level due to thermal expansion. These changes in water temperature could affect the health of many aquatic species, in addition to causing land loss and beach erosion. For the past 10 years (2000 until 2009), the average air temperature change in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah is approximately 0.10°C and according to these trends for the next eleven years (until 2020), the projection of air temperature change will be approximately 0.21°C. When this happens, average sea surface temperature (SST) will also increase due to the relationship between air temperature and water temperature, though the change in SST may not be as large as the air temperature increaseItem Embargo Techniques to implement in green data centres to achieve energy efficiency and reduce global warming effects(Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 2011) Mueen Uddin; Azizah Abdul RahmanEnergy demand in data centre industry is growing rapidly as computing technology changes and Information Technology (IT) professionals seek to maximise performance of data centres. A multitude of methods have been used to estimate and quantify energy intensity. Rising energy costs, continuing concerns about global economic downturn and global warming effects has leaded ways for energy efficient data centres. The goal of computer system design has been shifted to power and energy efficiency. This paper highlights strategies and techniques that provide energy savings in data centre like reducing frequent hardware purchases, power/cooling cost reductions, green metrics, shrinking data storage, workload consolidation and reducing physical servers.Item Embargo Empirical gas emission and oxidation measurement at cover soil of dumping site: example from Malaysia(Springer, 2013) Mohammed F. M. Abushammala; Noor Ezlin Ahmad Basri; Hassan Basri; Abdul Amir H. Kadhum; Ahmed Hussein El-ShafieMethane (CH4) is one of the most relevant greenhouse gases and it has a global warming potential 25 times greater than that of carbon dioxide (CO2), risking human health and the environment. Microbial CH4 oxidation in landfill cover soils may constitute a means of controlling CH4 emissions. The study was intended to quantify CH4 and CO2 emissions rates at the Sungai Sedu open dumping landfill during the dry season, characterize their spatial and temporal variations, and measure the CH4 oxidation associated with the landfill cover soil using a homemade static flux chamber.Item Embargo Soil carbon stocks in Sarawak, Malaysia(Elsevier, 2013) E. Padmanabhan; H. Eswaran; P.F. ReichThe purpose of this study is to estimate carbon stocks available under current conditions in Sarawak, Malaysia. SOC estimates are made for a standard depth of 100 cm unless the soil by definition is less than this depth, as in the case of lithic subgroups.Item Embargo Assessment of methane emission and oxidation at Air Hitam Landfill site cover soil in wet tropical climate(Springer, 2013) Mohammed F. M. Abushammala; Noor Ezlin Ahmad Basri; Rahmah ElfithriMethane (CH4) emissions and oxidation were measured at the Air Hitam sanitary landfill in Malaysia and were modeled using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change waste model to estimate the CH4 generation rate constant, k. The emissions were measured at several locations using a fabricated static flux chamber. A combination of gas concentrations in soil profiles and surface CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions at four monitoring locations were used to estimate the CH4 oxidation capacity. The temporal variations in CH4 and CO2 emissions were also investigated in this study.Item Embargo Climate change simulations in terms of solar radiation and cloud fraction based on PRECIS over Malaysia region(UMS, 2013) Steven S.K. Kong; Justin SentianThis paper simulated the solar radiation and total cloud fraction for Malaysia by the end of the 21st century based on the A2 and the B2 scenarios by utilizing the latest generation of the Hadley Centre regional climate modeling system, PRECIS (Providing Regional Climates for Impact Studies).Item Embargo Unjuran Perubahan Iklim Ekstrim Masa Depan di Malaysia(Penerbit UKM, 2013) Meng Sei Kwan; Fredolin T. Tangang; Liew JunengMitigating and adapting to the impacts of climate change at regional level require downscaled projection of future climate states. This paper examined the possible changes of future climate extremes over Malaysia based on the IPCC SRES A1B emission scenario. The projected changes at 17 stations were produced by bias correcting the UKMO PRECIS downscaling simulation output. The simulation expected higher probability of rainfall extreme occurrences over the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia during the autumn transitional monsoon period. In addition, possible early monsoon rainfall was projected for certain stations located over East Malaysia. The simulation also projected larger increase of warm temperature extremes but smaller decrease of cold extremes, suggesting asymmetric expansion of the temperature distribution. The impact of the elevated green house gases (GHG) is higher in the night time temperature extremes as compared to the day time temperature extremes. The larger increment of warm night frequencies as compared to the warm day suggests smaller diurnal temperature ranges under the influence of higher greenhouse gases. Stations located in East Malaysia were projected to experience the largest increase of warm night occurrence.