Normaz Wana IsmailSeen Mun Chan2024-05-202024-05-202020Ismail, N. W., & Chan, S. M. (2020). Impacts of the el niño-southern oscillation (enso) on paddy production in southeast asia. Climate and Development, 12(7), 636-648.https://repoemc.ukm.my/handle/123456789/1121Stronger intensity and frequent arrival of the El Niño- Southern Oscillation (ENSO) caused varied temperature and wildly varying precipitation with drought and flood conditions that threaten paddy production. Using the Pooled Mean Group estimation method, this study investigates the long run and short run relationship of ENSO impact on Southeast Asia paddy production from 1961 to 2014 with Oceanic Niño Index, Niño 3.4 sea surface temperature anomalies, Southern Oscillation Index and Multivariate ENSO Index. This study also investigates four different ENSO intensities with Multivariate ENSO Index to determine their long run and short run impact on paddy production.enENSOclimate changeEl NiñoLa NiñaPaddy ProductionPMGEJournal