Browsing by Author "Zhafir Adam Ayub"

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    Evaluation of In-Vehicle Pollutants Exposure during Movement Control Order (MCO) and Respiratory Symptoms Among Bus Drivers in Kota Bahru, Malaysia
    (IOP Publishing, 2022) Zhafir Adam Ayub; Juliana Jalaludin; Khairul Nizam Mohd Isa; NorMohd Razif Noraini
    Exposure to in-vehicle air pollutants has been recognized as a risk factor for respiratory diseases. The present study therefore investigates the factors, including duration of employment and in-vehicle concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) that can influence the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in commercial bus drivers. A total of 34 bus drivers and 51 administrative staff (comparative group) from the bus operator in Kota Bahru, Malaysia were randomly enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The personal characteristics and respiratory symptoms were reported using a validated questionnaire from the American Thoracic Society (ATS-DLD-78-A). In-vehicle concentrations of PM2.5, CO2 and NO2 were continuously measured over eight hours on each bus driver.